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Defining Likeability

February 9th, 2010

In Credibility in the Courtroom: How Likeable Should an Expert Witness Be? (Brodsky, Cramer and Ziemke, 2009), we find an interesting definition of Likeability.

Authors identified the following list of verbal and nonverbal components associated with high likeability:

  • a pleasant, smiling facial expression
  • use of “we” or “us” when referring to groups
  • demonstration of a less controlling attitude
  • physical attractiveness
  • use of deferential speech and considerate disagreement (as opposed to aggressive, defiant contradiction)
  • low degree of arrogance exhibited in verbal responses (such as acknowledging potential for error)
  • use of informal speech (such as referring to an individual by name and use of less technical jargon)
  • direct eye contact
  • truthfulness (suspicion of lying was negatively associated with likeability)

These are consistent with our research and writing for Axis of Influence, but help us better define what these verbal and non-verbal items look like.  For example, we talk a lot in the book about the qualities of likeability – things like trustworthiness, focus on the other person versus focus on self, humility, etc.

It’s interesting that those coaching expert witnesses have them focus not only on things like eye contact and smiling, but also on likeable language – heavy use of the terms “we” and”us”, lack of arrogance as exhibited by acknowledging limited certainty or potential for error.  A specific reference was made to the use of modest statements and conclusions (e.g. “we are relatively certain” or “we do not know everything”).

The concept of limited certainty would seem to go against what we believe to be most credible and illustrates the importance of the balance between likeability and credibility.  In order to be believable, in order to influence or persuade, you must be both likeable and credible.  An arrogant know-it-all may be credible, but without the likeable elements, he or she will not be effective.

How does credibility impact your bottom line?

February 7th, 2010

In our new book on Credibility we’ve been looking at how Credibility impacts an organization’s bottom line.  Here’s what we’ve come up with:

  1. Shorter sales cycle/Higher closing percentage
    With high levels of credibility, your customers don’t feel the need to do as much research, checking, thinking about purchase decisions, etc. as they might otherwise feel they need to do. Trust is already established and this reduces the second guessing and doubt. Ultimately the sales cycle speeds up and the closing percentage increases.

  2. More likely to attract and gain higher quality customers.
    With increased credibility, you are able to step up and swim in a larger pool. We see this often play out in the financial services industry. The higher the credibility the more likely you are to attract larger clients with more assets. This is true in all industries.  Think about the automotive industry.  Look at Lexus. High credibility and ability to attract a more affluent clientele.  And it’s not just affluence that comes with this, but also loyalty. Apple – ditto.  Fierce loyalty in spite of higher price points.

  3. Get more opportunities and “first in” opportunities
    You’ll find yourself on the short list, getting calls and requests to bid on choice projects, rather than being forced to seek out potential projects and wading through tedious administrative procedures.

  4. More likely to get referrals and introductions
    The more credible the organization, the more likely customers are to refer other customers. In a B-to-B situation, those likely to be giving the referrals are likely to have the Driver personality.  Drivers will give a referral, but only after vetting the firm and making sure the firm will: 1) perform outstandingly, and 2) make them look good. When you make a referral you’re giving away part of your relationship credibility so you’re likely to do it when the firm is highly credible.

  5. The more credibility your firm has, the greater the borrowing power and more likely you are to attract investment money.
    Investors are more likely to invest in a company that is credible and can prove it, a company who’s financial projections are not only believable but a company the investors trust to honor and grow the investment. Without ample credibility, investors will automatically be suspect.  That’s called a “negative halo effect,” where the expectation is not optimistic from the get-go.Credibility is also a key aspect of borrowing power. Even though borrowing is more about the numbers, especially now, given the financial meltdown of the last couple of years, the ability to borrow is still based on credibility.  Think about it – when a loan application is rejected, it’s not so much about the application per se, but rather, the applicant’s credibility.  The bank doesn’t believe that repayment will be made. But when it is accepted, what is the bank trusting?

  6. Less likely to be damaged by occasional negative press
    When you have credibility, it serves as a kind of buffer, like a Credibility Account with a line of credit.  You get the benefit of the doubt.  You’re more likely to be forgiven when you make a mistake because of this “halo effect.”As we write this, Toyota is testing its credibility and its own halo effect.  Toyota customers are loyal – to a point.  And the tipping point might be the honesty and integrity of the company.  If the company has been forthcoming, then it will likely keep most of its customers.  But, if it turns out that the company attempted a cover up, then the firm will more likely lose many of its customers because it will have sacrificed its credibility.

  7. Likely to attract and retain higher quality talent
    Employees want to work for an organization and leaders who are perceived as credible. We know that if you get a couple of really talented, quality people on a team it ups the odds you’ll get more talent on a team because talent attracts talent – in the same way success attracts ever higher levels. It’s a circle – The more credible the employees in the organization, particularly those in key positions, the more credible the perception of the overall organization and the more likely the organization is to attract other credible, top tier talent.

  8. Likely to attract higher quality vendors and partners
    In much the same way that you are able to attract top tier employees, you’re also able to  attract higher quality vendors and partners. If you’re the larger firm, and have greater credibility, you no longer have to argue (as much) over peanuts.  Higher quality vendors will seek you out.  If you’re a vendor, you gain credibility by association with a larger enterprise.  Higher quality enterprises will seek you out.

  9. Better pricing
    Often companies are willing to work for highly credible big name firms for less money in order to reap the benefits of the association.  We (AboutPeople) did work with Microsoft at a much lower rate than we typically charge because we knew the association would provide us with increased credibility and we’d be much more likely to attract other high quality firms.

  10. Customers, vendors and partners pay their bills on time
    In several of the items above we talked about the power of association.  Companies work for less because they want to be associated with and gain from another firm’s credibility. Credible firms attract credible talent and vendors.  The same principles are at work when it comes to people paying their bills. If a company is credible and accountable, which includes paying their bills on time, chances are the firm will attract customers and vendors who do the same thing.

Credibility is in the eye of the beholder

January 19th, 2010

We’re currently at work on a second book about credibility and have been discussing the definition. One of our colleagues made an interesting point – that credibility isn’t something you can bestow upon yourself. It’s not like honesty. You can’t say I am credible, therefore I must have credibility.

Credibility is in the eye of the beholder. It’s all about how other people perceive you. You can know all there is to know on a given subject, you can be honest, confident, and of the highest integrity, but at the end of the day it is other people that get to decide whether you are in fact perceived as credible.

In this case, as in many others, perception is reality.

First Impressions

December 20th, 2009

We (co-author Michael Lovas and I) have written quite a lot about first impressions. In particular the series of subconscious assessments that go on when we first meet someone. We know that the first thing that goes on is the “am I in danger?” assessment.

Every time a stranger looks at you, he or she makes a split-second determination as to whether you are friend or foe. Also among those split second assessments is an analysis of your attractiveness, likeability and credibility.

According to Princeton researcher and professor Alex Todorov, we are “hard wired” to quickly draw these inferences.

“The link between facial features and character may be tenuous at best, but that doesn’t stop our minds from sizing other people up at a glance. We decide very quickly whether a person possesses many of the traits we feel are important, such as likeability and competence, even though we have not exchanged a single word with them. It appears that we are hard-wired to draw these inferences in a fast, unreflective way.”

For more on first impressions, and in particular what people are “reading” to make these assessments, check out our book Axis of Influence – How Credibility and Likeability Intersect to Drive Success.

For more on Alex Todorov, check out All Things Considered, June 9, 2005 – Scientists Search for Winning Look. Forget political polls. Scientists usually can tell whether political candidates will win or lose by testing voters’ reactions to the contestants’ faces. A study in the journal Science shows that voters chose the face that looks more “competent.”

Professor Todorov’s Princeton Website

First trust, then likeability, then credibility

August 13th, 2009

Both Likeability and Credibility begin with the other person’s first impression of you. The first impression is a mental activity that goes on behind the scenes in your old brain. This mental activity takes place in a split second and because the old brain doesn’t have a lot to go on, it uses your face, your demeanor, your clothes and other immediate impressions to decide whether or not you can be trusted.

We know from the research that trustworthiness is the first decision the old brain seeks out and that makes sense because remember the old brain is, well…. old.  It’s still operating in a world where giant predators with enormous appetites were looking to snack on your body parts.  Survival meant quickly being able to size up a situation and choose the appropriate response. Even though you’re not really operating in that world anymore, your old brain still thinks it is.

So in order to increase your credibility and likeability, you have to pay attention to the old brain and get through the trust gate.    It’s a process – First I decide if I trust you, then I decide if I like you.  If I like you, I’ll pay attention long enough to see if I find you credible. The more you can do in those first few seconds to enable the other person to trust you, the better the odds you’ll make it through the likeability and credibility gates.

What’s your credibility score?

August 6th, 2009

If you’ve ever hired a business coach, or marketing coach or sales coach, you most likely didn’t realize that what you really wanted was to learn how to improve your credibility.

Of course, you can make sales without credibility, but that’s proving to be a dangerous path these days. If you want long-term success with loyal clients, it’s based on your ability to prove your credibility. If you want referrals, they are too based on your ability to prove your credibility. 

So, the important questions are: 1) are you credible?  2) based on what?  3) does your target market think you’re credible?  4) can you quantify that?

We measure our clients’ credibility in various ways.  Most of them are very decent people who would be immediately seen as credible – if they knew how to display it or prove it.  That’s why they come to us for help.  We wrote the book on credibility (http://www.axisofinfluence.com/

How do you rate?  First, what score do you give yourself and your credibility?  What level of credibility would you expect from your own advisors?  100%?  90%:  70%?  Let’s see how you do.

It’s just a numbers game.  If all professionals are credible, you have to prove you’re even more credible.  But, they’re not all credible.  Some are being accused of fraud, so you have to prove that you’re more credible than they.  If you can’t do that, you’re lumped in with them. 

You prove your credibility by displaying it, and you do that in specific ways.  If you don’t use these ways, you already have two strikes against you.  So, let’s look at this short list of ways you could demonstrate your credibility.  Which ones do you use right now:

y/n  3rd party introduction of you
y/n  publishing articles
y/n  publishing white papers
y/n  publishing books
y/n  public speeches (not seminars)
y/n  articles about you, written by other people”
y/n  active listening techniques
y/n  three-level questioning process
y/n  consistent written communication with clients
y/n  frequent face-to-face visits with clients

Those are the easy ones.  Just count the ones you do right now, and give yourself 10 points for each one.  If you score less than 80%, you’re in big trouble.  Would you hire anyone who had so-so credibility? 

So, what are you going to do about it?

Michael Lovas
michael@aboutpeople.com
http://www.axisofinfluence.com/

What you don’t know hurts your credibility

July 27th, 2009

Humans hurt their credibility in the most innocent way.  It starts when you make the decision that you want something.  That single determination gives you a psychological agenda and focus.   Thus, when you see an example of what you want, your non-verbal behavior changes.   You show greater interest.  For example, you’ll salivate, your eyes widen, your torso leans forward and your breathing speeds up.  And, when you see something that falls outside the category of what you want, your non-verbal behavior changes in a different way.   Your eyes look away, your torso leans backwards, you check your watch, your mouth shows boredom or contempt. 

When those non-verbal messages are received by another  person, that person gains the right to interpret them in any way that’s appropriate for that person.  If he/she interprets your facial expression (for example) as negative, you just lost both likeability and credibility.  It’s just that simple

What does all of this mean?  It means that you need to learn what those non-verbals feel like when you’re doing them.  That’s the first step in controlling your non-verbal behavior.  The consistency (or congruence) of all your modes of communication make it possible for someone else to perceive you as being likeable and credible.  But, inconsistency (incongruence) will most likely cause people to perceive you as fake, hiding something, unethical – or worse. 

So, what does your face say when you first meet a stranger?

– Michael Lovas

Words that Sell

July 6th, 2009

What does selling have to do with credibility and/or likeability?  If you fail to gain credibility and likeability, you will likely NOT make any sales to that person.   Consider that all of your professional activities are actually efforts to become more likeable and prove your credibility.  Assuming that’s true, then what (specifically) are you doing to achieve those two trophies?  In your defense, most people are doing nothing.  That doesn’t eliminate the need, it just makes success easier for professionals who take this seriously!  What to do?  Learn the specific skills and tools that increase your credibility and likeability.  Learn how to use psychology more effectively in your presentations and marketing.  Get better.  Visit our book store: www.aboutpeople.com

– Michael Lovas

The Sound of Credibility

June 27th, 2009

We know from the research that the way we talk (speed, pauses, pronunciation, volume, etc.) triggers certain judgements about our Credibility.  It seems that we humans have an innate competence detector.   Research by Brandeis University Professor Leslie Zebrowitz suggests that “strangers can judge intelligence at levels significantly better than chance from bried exposures to a target’s face, voice and other non-verbal cues.”

Work by University of Victoria researchers Reynolds and Gifford suggests that auditory cues are more strongly related to intelligence than visual ones.  Reynolds and Gifford found that the following speaking styles are interpreted as higher intelligence:

  • Less halting speech
  • More standard use of language
  • Speaking more words
  • Speaking each word clearly
  • Speaking faster

What does this mean? If you are excellent at thinking on your feet, then you are likely not much affected by it.  However, if you’re like most of us, when you have to think on your feet your mouth has to wait for your brain to catch up and give direction.  Thus, your delivery is peppered with halting stutters and stammers.  Listeners perceive such a delivery as evidence that you lack a certain amount of mental snap.

How can you use it? Prepare.  When you are prepared you can improvise more easily and deliver powerful answers in a convincing style.  Practice.  The more you practice delivering, the more natural and fluid your delivery will become.

Credibility – what it is and how to get it

April 12th, 2009

Credibility is elusive. Few people understand it. Very few people can even describe it.

We’ve been working with Credibility since 1991. Actually, I started to think about it as early as 1986.  Point is, we know it inside and out.  We know what it is, what causes it and what the results are. Here is our working definition:

Credibility is a combination of concepts:

Competence + Character + Consistency+Relevance. 

Together, they enable a belief in the minds of your target market that you understand their situation, have their best interest at heart, are an expert at solving their specific problems, and will do so without robbing them.

That definition is nteresting and important, but not implementable.  See how that definition contains nothing you can implement today? In practical terms, the first step to improve your Credibility is to improve your Likeability, and the first step in that is to learn how to read people.

Where can you go to learn that? Easy, look at our book Face Values. It is the most effective resource for business professionals wanting to improve likeability.

If you find this tid bit of wisdom interesting, you’ll find our books astounding! You can find them on the Shop page at: http://www.aboutpeople.com/

– Michael Lovas